EXTRACTED: Daily News Clips 10/12/21
PIPELINE NEWS
Facebook: Honor the Earth: Water Protectors to deliver 1 million petitions to Stop Line 3 oil pipeline
Washington Post: Indigenous activists come to D.C. with a message for Biden: Declare a national climate emergency
Guardian: Indigenous activists march in Washington to demand action on climate crisis
Los Angeles Times: California attorney general launches investigation into Orange County oil spill
Los Angeles Times: City, state beaches to reopen in Huntington Beach as crews continue cleanup of O.C. coast
KATV: Testing underway to get pipeline back online 8 years after Mayflower oil spill
Daily Progress: Gubernatorial candidates comment, or choose not to, on Mountain Valley Pipeline
E&E News: Have truck, will haggle. Unlikely pipeline foe takes on FERC
Boston Globe: Springfield councilor to meet with Eversource on proposed gas pipeline
WSET: East Coast pipeline spill causing trouble for Virginia gas stations
WASHINGTON UPDATES
E&E News: Committee holding vote, hearing in response to Calif. spill
EXTRACTION
Bloomberg: Shale Oil Is Booming Again in the Permian
Canary Media: Carbon capture strikes out Down Under
TODAY IN GREENWASHING
NWI Times: Enbridge donates boats to Porter County EMA
OPINION
The Nation: Biden Needs to Do More Than Sound the Alarm on Climate
Esquire: Columbus's Real Legacy Is Playing Out in Minnesota
Des Moines Register: Opinion: CO2 pipelines are not the answer to climate change
The Hill: What happens after an oil spill?
The Hill: The only way to eliminate the risk of catastrophic oil spills is to stop drilling
PIPELINE NEWS
Facebook: Honor the Earth: Water Protectors to deliver 1 million petitions to Stop Line 3 oil pipeline
10/12/21
“On Tuesday, October 12th, more than 100 Indigenous leaders and supporters who have been resisting the construction of the expanded Line 3 tar sands pipeline will deliver one million petitions asking the Biden Administration to stop the project pending a full environmental review. The group of 100+ water protectors will rally, hold ceremony with Anishinaabe drummers, and speak outside the headquarters of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, calling on Jamie Pinkham, Acting Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works to conduct a full federal environmental impact statement to assess the Line 3 pipeline’s threats to human rights, water, and climate… “The event is hosted by Honor The Earth, an Indigenous-led environmental justice organization based in Northern Minnesota, with support from Seventh Generation, Women's Earth and Climate Action Network (WECAN), and the People versus Fossil Fuels coalition. The delivery is part of the "People vs. Fossil Fuels" mobilization, a week of protests and civil disobedience at the White House this October 11-15 to pressure President Biden to declare a climate emergency and end all new fossil fuel projects.”
Washington Post: Indigenous activists come to D.C. with a message for Biden: Declare a national climate emergency
Ellie Silverman, 10/11/21
“Tasina Sapa Win’s grandmother used to tell her stories of the land the family lived on for generations,” the Washington Post reports. “It’s because our land is becoming a food desert now,” Sapa Win, 29, who traveled to Washington to join protesters in front of the White House this week calling for President Biden to end all new fossil fuel projects and declare a climate emergency, told the Post. “We’ve been so unheard for centuries. We’ve been swept under the rug with our issues and our struggles. We’ve been pretty much ignored, and now we’re realizing that.” Leaders and members of Native American tribes from across the country are in Washington for five days of protests beginning Monday. The demonstrations are part of People vs. Fossil Fuels protests by a coalition of groups, known as Build Back Fossil Free, who are demanding that the Biden administration take more extreme actions to curb carbon-producing fossil-fuel projects at a time when scientists say the world needs to sharply cut greenhouse gas emissions. This week of action is being led by Indigenous leaders, who say they’ve been ignored for too long. They argue that they have been effective stewards and protectors of the land — preserving biodiversity and leading the front-line fights against pipelines and drilling around their reservations — but they are still forced to experience the devastating effects of the Earth’s warming up close.”
Guardian: Indigenous activists march in Washington to demand action on climate crisis
Kari Paul and Joanna Walters, 10/11/21
“Arrests occurred outside the White House as Indigenous activists led climate protests, demanding Biden stop approving fossil fuel projects,” the Guardian reports. “Kansas Democratic congresswoman Sharice Davids spoke at an event organized by the Democratic National Committee to celebrate Indigenous Peoples’ Day. Davids is co-chair of the Congressional Native American Caucus and a member of the Ho-Chunk. A statue of the seventh US president, Andrew Jackson, who took actions leading to the mass persecution and dispossession of Native Americans, was defaced by Indigenous climate protesters in Washington DC.”
Los Angeles Times: California attorney general launches investigation into Orange County oil spill
ROBIN ESTRIN, HANNAH FRY, 10/11/21
“The California Department of Justice has launched an investigation into an oil spill that sent up to 131,000 gallons of crude into the waters off the Orange County coast, the state’s top cop said Monday,” the Los Angeles Times reports. “Atty. Gen. Rob Bonta said his office has not determined whether civil or criminal enforcement is proper at this time. “As attorney general, I have activated the Department of Justice as resources to help get to the bottom of this in any way we can,” Bonta said during a news conference Monday. “We are focused on the immediate response to the spill, but we also want to know how this happened.” Bonta and U.S. Sen. Alex Padilla (D-Calif.) traveled to Orange County on Monday for a briefing by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife’s Office of Spill Prevention and Response, the Coast Guard and Amplify Energy, the pipeline’s owner and operator, to discuss the emergency response to the oil spill… “Padilla said it was unacceptable that Californians have been affected by another offshore spill. “The trade-off between oil production and environmental harm is simply not one we should be making any longer, especially given how fossil fuel emissions are exacerbating the climate crisis,” the senator said. “Already, this oil has seeped into environmentally sensitive wetlands, endangering birds and other wildlife, and forcing the closure of beaches that are the economic engines of entire communities.” Monday also saw California state Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon (D-Lakewood) announce the creation of a special committee tasked with delving into the disaster.”
Los Angeles Times: City, state beaches to reopen in Huntington Beach as crews continue cleanup of O.C. coast
ROBIN ESTRIN, 10/10/21
“The afternoon sun shined bright over Huntington Beach. The water sparkled blue. And nearby businesses were bustling with activity. If it weren’t for the hundreds of yellow-vested crew members combing the sand Sunday for coin-sized clumps of black tar, this dazzling October day would have looked like any other in Southern California,” the Los Angeles Times reports. “If you were to come down here and you didn’t know anything about the oil spill, you wouldn’t know,” Whittier resident Patrick McCullen, 74, told the Times, motioning to the cleanup crews on the shore. “You’d wonder what these guys were doing down there.” Except for an occasional beach umbrella, this popular sandy stretch of shoreline near the Huntington Beach Pier remained mostly empty of the usual weekend crowds. Instead, more than 1,400 workers fanned out across Orange County’s coastline and to area wetlands, wearing hazmat suits and carrying sifting nets. The beachcombers so far have recovered 14 barrels of tar balls and another quarter-million pounds of oily sand and debris in the week since oil began spewing from a ruptured pipeline miles offshore, Orange County Supervisor Katrina Foley said. On Sunday night, Huntington Beach officials announced that its city and state beaches would reopen at 6 a.m. Monday. The decision came after water quality test results showed nondetectable amounts of oil toxins in the water, city officials said.”
KATV: Testing underway to get pipeline back online 8 years after Mayflower oil spill
Parris Kane, 10/11/21
“An 858-mile long pipeline stretching from South Texas to Illinois hasn't been in operation since 2013, following a major oil spill devastating the Northwoods Subdivision in Mayflower,” KATV reports. “The pipeline, formerly knows as Pegasus, spilled tens-of-thousands of gallons of heavy crude oil on March 29, 2013… “The pipeline, then owned by Exxon, has since been taken over by Energy Transfer Partners and is now known as the "Permian Express pipeline." Although the pipeline has been out of operation since 2013, Energy Transfer notified Central Arkansas Water that they planned to start testing the pipeline again on Oct. 24, 2019. "We have actually visited with them a few times, even more so as they had been out doing some testing on the pipeline out in the watershed," Douglas Shackelford, director of public affairs and communications for Central Arkansas Water, told KATV. "Ideally, we don't want it to come back online, we never want it to come back online, it is a risk, it's probably our biggest risk to the lake (Maumelle)," Shackleford told KATV. "This would have a direct effect on half a million Arkansans, if something were to happen with that pipeline while it was running oil through it." “...Matt Boeving and his wife moved to the Northwoods Subdivision from Maumelle just a couple of years after the spill. The bought their home directly from Exxon. "We signed papers that stated that they would never open it again," Boeving told KATV. "There were crazy horror stories of oil just running through the streets and everything." Boeving was surprised to hear the new owners were once again testing the pipeline. With a six-month-old now at home, the thought of the pipeline re-opening terrifies him. "What if we’re out here playing or something and then something happens again. I hope and pray that they don’t open it back up, I mean, you have to think about the people that are actually living right on top of those pipelines."
Daily Progress: Gubernatorial candidates comment, or choose not to, on Mountain Valley Pipeline
Laurence Hammack, 10/9/21
“Four years ago, Terry McAuliffe was a high-profile supporter of the Mountain Valley Pipeline as it prepared to break ground on the largest natural gas pipeline ever built in Virginia,” the Daily Progress reports. “As governor, McAuliffe said the abundant and affordable energy from Mountain Valley and the Atlantic Coast Pipeline — a similar project that has since been cancelled amid fierce opposition — was essential to the state’s economic health. But now, as McAuliffe seeks a second term as a Democrat, he has grown silent about Mountain Valley. In response to written questions submitted by The Roanoke Times, the McAuliffe campaign never mentioned the pipelines while promising to push for Virginia to have 100% clean energy by 2035. His opponent, Republican Glenn Youngkin, likewise did not grant a request for an interview or respond specifically to emailed questions. A campaign spokesperson referred to comments Youngkin made at two recent debates, which included his opposition to the Virginia Clean Economy Act, which requires the state’s two major utilities to be carbon-free by 2050. Only Princess Blanding, who is running as a third-party, Liberation candidate, agreed to talk about Mountain Valley. “As governor, I will absolutely put an end to this Mountain Valley Pipeline project,” Blanding told the Daily Progress, citing not just the pollution caused by building a giant natural gas infrastructure, but also the way the company has used eminent domain to take the land of people who stood in its way. Although McAuliffe and Youngkin did not comment, Blanding said it’s clear to her that they are “putting profits and politics over people.”
E&E News: Have truck, will haggle. Unlikely pipeline foe takes on FERC
By Mike Soraghan, 10/12/21
“The bane of the pipeline industry is hurtling down the interstate at 81 mph behind the wheel of a black Ford Super Duty pickup, haggling over his smartphone with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission,” E&E News reports. “...Meet Nate Laps, a former gas industry land agent who switched sides and now fights for landowners. He may well change how FERC and pipeline builders treat the people who live in the path of major energy projects. Laps, 38, is brawling with two multibillion-dollar natural gas companies — Cheniere Energy Inc. and Spire Inc. — along with FERC itself. Laps has bird-dogged Cheniere’s Midship pipeline through Oklahoma and Spire’s STL pipeline near St. Louis for years on behalf of his landowner clients. It’s no coincidence that both projects are in trouble with FERC for their treatment of landowners. "They condemn land for pennies on the dollar," he told E&E. "And after they destroy the land, they try to walk away." “...And he’s pressing FERC to shut down the pipelines until the companies fix his clients’ land. FERC hasn’t. The pipelines are still pumping gas. But Laps’ efforts appear to be changing how the agency treats landowners, said Carolyn Elefant, a former FERC lawyer who has been working with Laps on Spire and Midship. FERC issued two orders in March that "lit a fire" under the two companies, she said, and it wouldn’t have happened without Laps’ relentless documenting of the damage. "I think FERC is already paying more attention," Elefant told E&E. "I think there’s going to be discussion in the future about what qualifies as restoration."
Boston Globe: Springfield councilor to meet with Eversource on proposed gas pipeline
Peter Goonan, 10/12/21
“City councilors are seeking additional details and answers to concerns about Eversource’s plan for a natural gas pipeline connecting Longmeadow and Springfield’s South End,” the Boston Globe reports. “The council’s Sustainability and Environment Committee has a remote meeting with Eversource officials scheduled at 2:30 p.m. Thursday regarding the proposed Western Massachusetts Natural Gas Reliability Project. “We want to understand its purpose, the cost, and what the impact could be relative to the quality of life of the residents and the impact on the environment,” committee Chairman Jesse Lederman told the Globe. “So much vagueness around the project has led to quite a few questions from all parties — the residents, organizations and businesses.” “...In 2020, Eversource purchased the former Columbia Gas of Massachusetts for $1.1 billion. A news conference to celebrate the purchase and defend gas pipeline plans attracted members of the Columbia Gas Resistance Campaign, a group opposing area pipelines. The group lobbied against the proposed pipeline connecting Longmeadow and the South End, and a separate project in Agawam… “Eversource states on its website that a project proposal will be submitted to the Massachusetts Energy Facilities Siting Board at a date not yet determined. “This opens an approximately two-year regulatory proceeding before the EFSB, which reviews major energy facility projects,” Eversource said. The process includes both public and evidentiary hearings. Abutting property owners will be notified of the public hearing date or dates.”
WSET: East Coast pipeline spill causing trouble for Virginia gas stations
Kelsey Childress, 10/11/21
“If you're headed to the pumps, there's a good chance you'll see some covered or some stations completely shut down,” WSET reports. “Morgan Dean, AAA spokesperson, told WSET the Products S.E. pipeline, running from Louisiana to Washington, D.C., had a spill on October 1, and we are now seeing the effects of that. Fuel runs through the pipeline and is taken off at different terminals and sent to gas stations. So, when the pipeline is down, so is distribution… “Dean told WSET the pipeline was repaired over the weekend, so the system is back up and running, which means pumps should be opening back up soon… “When asked if the pipeline spill would affect gas prices, Dean told WSET as long as the demand for gas doesn't rise, prices should stay relatively stable.”
WASHINGTON UPDATES
E&E News: Committee holding vote, hearing in response to Calif. spill
Heather Richards, 10/12/21
“The House Natural Resources Committee will vote on a pair of bills to reform offshore oil and gas drilling in response to the recent crude spill off the California coast,” E&E News reports. “In addition, the offshore bleed caused by a ruptured pipeline will be the basis for a hearing before the Energy and Mineral Resources Subcommittee this week, part of an effort to explore greater oversight of offshore pipelines… “The committee will first meet tomorrow on whether to advance a suite of public land and energy bills, including two offshore oil reform proposals introduced earlier this year. A bill from Rep. Julia Brownley (D-Calif.), the "Offshore Pipeline Safety Act," H.R. 2643, would require the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement to update pipeline safety rules, including mandates for leak detection systems and regular inspections. The bill was inspired by a Government Accountability Office report released in the spring — at the request of Grijalva and Energy and Mineral Resources Subcommittee Chair Alan Lowenthal (D-Calif.) — that warned of a lax regulatory framework. It disclosed that more than 18,000 miles of pipe were permitted to be abandoned in the Gulf over the last few decades. The second bill getting a markup tomorrow is the "Offshore Accountability Act," H.R. 570, introduced by Rep. Donald McEachin (D-Va.). It would require offshore drillers to report to Interior when their critical safety systems fail. Interior would then be required to make those reports publicly available.”
EXTRACTION
Bloomberg: Shale Oil Is Booming Again in the Permian
By David Wethe, Kevin Crowley, and Sergio Chapa, 10/11/21
“Oil prices above $80 a barrel are once again spurring a revival of shale drilling in America’s biggest oil field, where production is expected to return to pre-pandemic highs within weeks,” Bloomberg reports. “Only this time, the surge is being driven by private operators, rather than the publicly traded companies that fueled the previous booms. And they see little reason to slow things down. Increased access to financing and strong oil demand has created an opening for closely held producers, most of whom are backed by private equity or family money, to ramp up output in West Texas and southeast New Mexico. With the other major U.S. shale basins either holding steady or declining, according to BloombergNEF, the surging growth in the Permian isn’t likely to risk upsetting OPEC or tanking crude prices as it did in previous shale booms—at least not yet… “With private fleets running hot, production from the Permian Basin will likely reach its pre-pandemic record high of 4.9 million barrels a day as soon as this month and will continue climbing steadily in 2022, Rystad Energy forecasts. The Permian is a particularly attractive place to ramp up production because of its low breakeven costs and high rates of productivity. “
Canary Media: Carbon capture strikes out Down Under
Julian Spector, 10/5/21
“Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the process of taking carbon emissions from a polluting facility and preventing them from escaping into the atmosphere. Depending on whom you ask, it’s a “get-out-of-jail-free” card to keep polluting or a vital insurance policy to keep the climate in relatively livable conditions,” Canary Media reports. “But when you look at the track record for CCS as a real thing that’s supposed to, like, work, it’s not something you’d want to bet your future on. The latest major failure comes to us from oil giant Chevron, which built a $54 billion natural gas drilling and export facility in Australia called Gorgon. Since this new project was destined to be one of the biggest carbon emitters in the country, Chevron made a deal with Australian regulators to capture 80 percent of gas field emissions. Hopes of success turned to stone when Chevron admitted this summer that Gorgon only got about halfway to this goal… “A December study found that more than 80 percent of the 39 CCS projects attempted in the U.S. have ended in failure. The last such U.S. project, attached to a coal-fired power plant, NRG Energy’s Petra Nova plant in Texas, was shuttered permanently earlier this year.”
TODAY IN GREENWASHING
NWI Times: Enbridge donates boats to Porter County EMA
10/11/21
“The Porter County Emergency Management Agency (EMA) received a donation of two boats from Enbridge Inc., a local energy transportation company,” NWI Times reports. “Enbridge had purchased two new boats for its operations and donated its existing boats to EMA. "...We are excited about our new addition and the enhanced services it will allow our agency to provide," Lance Bella, Porter County Emergency Management Director, told the Times. “We are extremely thankful to Enbridge for the partnership we have developed over the last four years and look forward to a continued relationship as we move forward.”
OPINION
The Nation: Biden Needs to Do More Than Sound the Alarm on Climate
Wenonah Hauter is the executive director of the national advocacy group Food & Water Watch, 10/11/21
“Like many world leaders, President Joe Biden is running out of metaphors to sound the alarm about our climate crisis—and we are running out of time,” Wenonah Hauter writes for The Nation. “When he toured the damage on the East Coast from Tropical Storm Ida, he declared that we are at “code red.” Weeks later, appearing before the United Nations’ General Assembly, he warned that we are “fast approaching a point of no return.” The question is what President Biden intends to do about it. Starting on October 11, a weeklong mobilization of climate activists called The People vs. Fossil Fuels aims to put the White House’s climate record to the test—right outside the White House. For months, considerable attention has been paid to the congressional scrum over the multitrillion-dollar Build Back Better Act. The proposal is billed as a once-in-a-generation opportunity to turn the corner on aggressive climate policy-making, which would be a welcome change from decades of delay, denial, and distraction. But climate action does not need to rely on walking a legislative tightrope in order to please a single senator whose family fortune hinges on protecting coal industry profits. There are a number of areas where the Biden administration could take action to show it is as serious as its rhetoric would suggest. So far, the White House is largely failing to answer its own emergency signal… “The climate movement knows the stakes—and knows that we must get more directly from the White House. Starting on Indigenous Peoples’ Day, we will ask the president to take a side in our struggle: It’s The People vs. Fossil Fuels.”
Esquire: Columbus's Real Legacy Is Playing Out in Minnesota
By Charles P. Pierce, 10/11/21
“Happy Indigenous Peoples Day! Here’s what I don’t get: even if you're a white supremacist, Columbus Day is a joke,” Charles P. Pierce writes for Esquire. “...While you all ponder that, there is a real-life bit of Columbus’s true legacy being acted out in northern Minnesota. The Enbridge Line 3 pipeline, the only pipeline still carrying Canadian tar-sands oil, has become operational. Local environmentalists and Indigenous people have been actively resisting the pipeline for a long time, and a lot of them have been hauled off to the hoosegow for having done so. Which prompted this amazing recent story in the Guardian. If you wondered what it would have been like to live in the Gilded Age, when law enforcement was a wholly-owned subsidiary of corporate power, well, you could ask the people in Minnesota about that… “Police have arrested more than 900 demonstrators opposing Line 3 and its impact on climate and Indigenous rights, according to the Pipeline Legal Action Network. It’s common for protesters opposing pipeline construction to face private security hired by companies, as they did during demonstrations against the Dakota Access pipeline. But in Minnesota, a financial agreement with a foreign company has given public police forces an incentive to arrest demonstrators. And there is absolutely nothing that can go wrong with that, as anyone can see… “The Enbridge No. 3 is a terrible idea on just about every level. First of all, any planet serious about the climate crisis would keep the tar sands in the ground. Second, this pipeline not only endangers the pristine Boundary Waters area, but also it ends up at Lake Superior, where can be found 10 percent of the world’s freshwater supply.“
Des Moines Register: Opinion: CO2 pipelines are not the answer to climate change
Ron Rosmann is a Shelby County farmer. The proposed Summit pipeline is proposed to come through the west end of his farm, 10/11/21
“The two carbon capture pipelines proposed to run across Iowa are Band-Aids over bullet holes,” Ron Rismann writes in the Des Moines Register. “Why? It appears that the largest selling point of one of the two, the Summit Pipeline, is that it will capture 50% of the carbon dioxide lost at the ethanol refineries now in the fermentation process. Why not capture it on site and use it for dry ice and all of the other industrial uses that exist already? Why not use the CO2 (carbon dioxide) and combine it with hydrogen for that particular emerging technology of energy production? Pipelines across Iowa’s most precious resource, our soil, will leave lasting scars and are at best are only short-term fixes for a long-term problem that needs to be addressed in new ways to protect Iowa’s soil, water, farms and rural communities.Our present agricultural production model in our country begs the question of what is best for Iowa. I know it is not popular for an Iowa farmer to be critical of ethanol, but it is just not efficient enough in its carbon dioxide life cycle analysis to compete with the other emerging renewable fuels on the horizon. Growing algae to produce renewable fuels appears to be leading the pack right now. I have never thought we should be growing our corn for fuel in the first place, certainly not at the 40% level that goes into ethanol production. We should be growing it and other more diverse and climate resilient crops for food, not fuel… “CO2 pipelines are not the answer to combating climate change. We have the best answer right below our feet. It is treating our soil with the respect and attention it so badly deserves.”
The Hill: What happens after an oil spill?
Ronald Tjeerdema, Ph.D., is a distinguished professor of environmental toxicology and Crosby endowed chair in environmental chemistry at the University of California, Davis, 10/11/21
“Marine oil spills have plagued the fossil fuels industry since the introduction of offshore extraction and transport. The current spill in Southern California is just the latest episode,” Ronald Tjeerdema writes for The Hill. “...Moving into the future, the use of fossil fuels has not only contributed to the frequency of oil spills, but also our changing climate. The carbon that is released via energy production and transportation has potentially not been mobile in the environment for millions of years. We pump oil to the surface, extract its energy content, then dispose of it as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere — the ultimate throw-away commodity. It is suspected that it is this “new carbon” that is causing the elevation in atmospheric carbon concentrations, and thus global warming. Therefore, the current shift toward the use of green energy sources holds the promise of not only reducing the frequency of oil spills but also the release of additional carbon to the atmosphere. The challenge facing us now is more political than technological. How can all the nations of the world coordinate to make it happen? Hopefully, we will find a way.”
The Hill: The only way to eliminate the risk of catastrophic oil spills is to stop drilling
Shelley Luce is CEO of Heal the Bay, an environmental nonprofit fighting for clean and healthy coastal waters, 10/9/21
“Fossil fuel companies continue to profit from pumping oil while polluting our water and air. Our coastlines take a huge hit when oil is spilled, as we’re seeing in Southern California right now. Despite the long history of oil disasters, including recent spills in Santa Barbara, San Francisco Bay, and now Huntington Beach, there is still no federal or state plan for a just transition away from an extractive fossil fuel economy,” Shelley Luce writes in The Hill. “...We knew then and we know now: When we drill, we spill. No amount of so-called safeguards from oil companies and regulators can fix this dirty and dysfunctional industry… “Why are we prioritizing the profits of one industry over the health and safety of all? Oil from California’s offshore waters makes up only one-tenth of 1 percent of all the oil pumped in the U.S. every day. Is this really worth the damage we must suffer?.. “Federal action is needed to stop offshore drilling immediately and prevent the next tragedy in our coastal waters. What our government decides to do now will impact future generations, and history won’t look kindly on the politicians who side with a dirty and dying industry.”